The future of Lomé / Robert Kappel.

FES

TEILDOKUMENT:

Tables and diagrams

Table 1:
Contributions to the European Development Fund and the proportion of delivery orders
Table 2:
A comparison of funds stemming from various in the Lomé Agreements
Table 3:
Regional distribution of EC/EU development aid
Table 4:
Development aid payments of the EU 1990–1993
Table 5:
STABEX transfers according to products
Table 6:
SYSMIN payments 1980–1990
Table 7:
Industrial promotion within the EDF
Table 8:
A Model to reduce funding through subsidy instruments
Table 9:
Urban population development in Africa 1950–2020
Table 10:
Population increase in urban agglomerations
Table 11:
Income distribution 1981–1992
Table 12:
Foreign direct investment in sub-Saharan Africa 1991–1993
Table 13:
Africa’s imports from industrial nations 1955–1991
Table 14:
Africa’s exports according to regions 1980–1993
Diagram 1:
Flow of foreign direct investment to Africa(including North Africa)
Diagram 2:
Flow of private capital to ACP states
Diagram 3:
Africa’s export structure 1980–1991

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Tables and diagrams

Table 1:
Contributions to the European Development Fund and the proportion of delivery orders, proportions in %

Country	Contributions 7th EDF	Contributions 8th EDF	Delivery Orders in 7th EDF	Country	Contributions 7th EDF	Contributions 7th EDF	Delivery Orders in 7th EDF
Belgium	3.96	3.78	5.18	Italy	12.96	12.10	19.68
Denmark	2.07	2.07	2.49	Luxembourg	0.19	0.28	0.80
Germany	25.96	22.54	9.51	Netherlands	5.57	5.03	3.50
Finland	–	1.43	–	Austria	–	2.56	–
France	24.37	23.45	18.51	Portugal	0.88	0.94	2.67
Greece	1.22	1.20	0.16	Sweden	–	2.63	–
Great Britain	16.37	12.25	12.34	Spain	5.90	5.64	3.16
Ireland	0.55	0.60	1.94	ACP States			17.52

Source: Euro-CIDSE News Bulletin, June 1995: 19.

Table 2:
A comparison of funds stemming from various in the Lomé Agreements, in billion ECU and %

	Lomé I	Lomé II		Lomé III		Lomé IV/1		Lomé IV/2
	1975–1980	1980–1985		1985–1990		1990–1995		1995–2000
	4th EDF	5th EDF		6th EDF		7th EDF		8th EDF
	total	total	%	total	%	total	%	total	%
Conditional aid (1–2)	2.057	2.986	54	4.860	57	7.995	67	9.592	65.6
1 Grants	2.057	2.986	54	4.860	57	6.845	57	8.192	56.0
2 Structural Adjustment Loans	–	–	–	–	–	1.150	10	1.400	9.6
Non-conditional aid (3–6)	0.923	1.641	30	2.540	30	2.800	23
3 Special Loans	0.446	0.518	9	0.600	7	–	–	–	–
4 Risk Capital	0.097	0.284	5	0.600	7	0.820	7	1.000	6.8
5 STABEX	0.380	0.557	10	0.925	11	1.500	12	1.800	12.3
6 SYSMIN	–	0.282	5	0.415	5	0.480	4	0.575	3.9
7 EDF (1–6)	2.980	4.627	84	7.400	87	10.800	90	12.967	88.7
8 EIB	0.390	0.885	16	1.100	13	1.200	10	1.658	11.3
Total (7–8)	3.457	5.512	100	8.500	100	12.000	100	14.625	100

Key: EDF = European Development Fund; EIB = European Investment Bank funds

Source: Commission 1992.

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Table 3:
Regional distribution of EC/EU development aid, in %

	1975/76	1980/81	1990/91	1993
Sub-Saharan Africa	59.6	60.3	58.2	45.5
Near East/Middle East/North Africa	12.3	11.7	19.6	25.6
Latin America and the Caribbean	5.4	6.3	10.1	10.9
South Asia	20.8	16.9	7.2	5.3
Other Asian Countries and Oceania	1.9	4.8	4.9	4.6
Other LLDCs	–	–	–	8.1

Source: OECD/DAC 1996.

Table 4:
Development aid payments of the EU 1990–1993, in million ECU

	1990	1991	1992	1993
EDF*	1,256	1,195	1,942	1,354
General Development aid budget	953	2,228	2,037	2,529
– Food Aid	485	650	627	434
– Asia and Latin America	245	253	319	354
– Mediterranean Third World Countries	103	165	219	353
– Humanitarian Aid	20	116	121	341
– Non-governmental organisations	85	87	101	129
– PHARE and TACIS**	–	305	484	719
– Other***	16	651	165	200
Total	2,209	3,423	3,979	3,883

Note:
_* The decline in EDF between 1992 and 1993, can be traced back to the drop in STABEX funds.
_** PHARE (Poland and Hungary Assistance for Economic Restructuring) and TACIS (Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States), are support measures aimed at rebuilding the former East Block.
_*** Comprises funds for the reconstruction of countries damaged by the Gulf War (1991), among other purposes.
Source: Memorandum of the European Communities to the DAC 1993 and 1994.

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Table 5:
STABEX transfers according to products,
in million ECU and %

	1990		1991
Products	Transfers	Proportion in %	Transfers	Proportion in %
Coffee and coffee products	147.615	69.5	250.912	64.1
Cocoa and cocoa products	43.382	20.4	68.935	17.6
Cotton wool	0.347	0.2	27.722	7.1
Leather and skins	0.543	0.3	13.568	3.5
Coconut	2.239	1.1	5.371	1.4
Wood	11.845	5.6	4.658	1.2
Calamaris	N/A	N/A	4.087	1.0
Rubber	N/A	N/A	3.468	0.9
Tea	N/A	N/A	2.288	0.6
Vanilla	0.807	0.4	1.637	0.4
Peanuts and peanut products	2.326	1.1	0.695	0.2
Bananas	1.504	0.7	1.030	0.3
Palm products	0.656	0.3	0.545	0.1
Cloves	0.655	0.3	0.615	0.2

Source: Commission 1993b; 1991c.

Table 6:
SYSMIN payments 1980–1990, in million ECU and %

Country	Products	Million ECU	% Share of total payments
Zambia	Copper/Cobalt	83.0	24.4
Zaire	Copper/Cobalt	81.0	23.8
Guinea	Aluminium	35.0	10.3
Guyana	Bauxite	34.5	10.1
Botswana	Nickel/Copper	21.7	6.4
Papua New Guinea	Bauxite/Copper	21.0	6.2
Mauritania	Iron Ore	18.0	5.3
Togo	Phosphate	15.7	4.6
Senegal	Phosphate	15.0	4.4
Niger	Gold/Coal	12.5	3.7
Rwanda	Tin	2.8	0.8
Liberia	Iron Ore	0.05	0.0

Source: Commission.

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Table 7:
Industrial promotion within the EDF

	4th EDF		5th EDF
Sub-Sector	Million ECU	%	Million ECU	%
General	41.6	9.8	151.6	20.0
Extraction industry	18.9	4.5	206.0	27.3
Metal processing	10.6	2.5	0.1	–
Chemical industry	11.5	2.7	12.7	1.7
Processing industry	104.1	24.6	76.9	10.2
Agricultural and food processing	12.9	3.0	54.2	7.2
Energy projects	168.7	39.8	241.3	32.0
Infrastructure and industrial projects	6.8	1.6	10.0	1.3
Crafts and small-size industries	6.8	1.6	10.0	1.3
Integrated projects	45.7	10.8	–	–

Source: Commission and according to Parfitt 1992

Table 8:
A Model to reduce funding through subsidy instruments

Funds for SYSMIN and STABEX (in million ECU)						Reduction within a period of 5 years (in million ECU)
	Lomé I	Lomé II	Lomé III	Lomé IV/1	Lomé IV/2	2000–2005	2005–2010	2010–2015	2015
STABEX	380	557	925	1,500	1,800	600	600	600	0
Balance*						1200	600	0	0
SYSMIN	–	282	415	480	575	225	175	175	0
Balance*						350	175	0	0

_* Remaining amount of subsidisation by the end of the 5th year.

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Table 9:
Urban population development in Africa 1950–2020

Year	Region	Total population (in thousands)	Urban population (in thousands)	Urban proportion (in %)
1950	East	64.984	3.405	5,2
	Central	26.316	3.747	14,2
	North	51.798	12.667	25,0
	Southern	15.736	5.972	37,9
	West	63.150	6.457	10,2
	Africa	221.984	32.248	14,5
1990	East	232.243	42.860	18,4
	Central	81.933	26.458	32,2
	North	159.245	62.695	39,3
	Southern	45.972	22.465	48,8
	West	227.426	62.962	27,6
	Africa	746.819	217.440	29,1
2025	East	542.536	254.138	46,8
	Central	192.342	122.328	63,6
	North	274.390	181.981	66,3
	Southern	80.133	59.123	73,7
	West	507.455	294.165	57,9
	Africa	1.596.856	911.735	57,1

Source: UN World Urbanization Prospects 1990; Tarver 1994.

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Table 10:
Population increase in urban agglomerations,which have grown from 50,000 adults since independence to 1 million inhabitants

			Estimated Population in thousand
Country (independence)		Urban agglomeration	[a] at independence	[b] in 1990	[c] in the year 2000	[a]:[c] in %
1	Angola (1975)	Luanda	669	1,717	2,866	428
2	Cameroon (1960)	Douala	150	1,200	..	..
3	The Ivory Coast (1960)	Abidjan	180	2,168	3,530	1961
4	Ethiopia	Addis Abeba	401	1,890	3,126	780
5	Ghana (1957)	Accra	350	1,100	1,496	427
6	Guinea (1958)	Conakry	100	1,296	2,255	2255
7	Kenya (1963)	Nairobi	275	1,503	2,722	990
8	Mozambique (1975)	Maputo	532	1,588	3,139	590
9	Nigeria (1960)	Ibadan	570	1,326	1,954	343
10	Nigeria (1960)	Lagos	763	7,706	12,890	1689
11	Senegal (1960)	Dakar	366	1,492	2,284	624
12	South Africa (1910)	Cape Town	174	2,400	3,100	1782
13	South Africa (1910)	Durban	90	2,600	4,100	4556
14	South Africa (1910)	Pretoria	80	1,600	2,550	3188
15	South Africa (1910)	Witwatersrand*	450	5,000	6,700	1489
16	Tanzania (1961)	Dar es. Salaam	180	1,657	3,127	1737
17	Zaire (1960)	Kinshasa	451	3,505	5,520	1224
18	Zambia (1964)	Copperbelt	500	1,650	..	..
19	Zambia (1964)	Lusaka	150	1,020	1,800	1200
20	Zimbabwe (1980)	Harare	590	1,000	1530	259
		_{* today Guateng}	7,021	43,418	64,689	921

Source: UN World Urbanisation Prospects 1990; Tarver 1994.

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Table 11:
Income distribution 1981–1992

Country	Income proportion of the 40% poorest countries, in %	Gini Coefficient*	Population below the poverty line in %
Botswana	9		51
The Ivory Coast	13	0.55	28
Ghana	19	0.44	42
Kenya	10	0.77	52
Lesotho	9		54
Madagascar		0.80
Malawi		0.36	82
Morocco	23		31
Mauritania	14	0.36
Mauritius			12
Rwanda	23		85
Zimbabwe	10
Swaziland			48
Tunisia	16	0.40	18

_* The gini coefficient is a measure of the (in)equality of income distribution within a society. The closer the value is to 1.0, the greater the inequality of distribution. Values of around 0.86 – as is the case in Brazil or Madagascar with 0.8 –, are an indication of great inequality. In the majority of development countries, the gini coefficient lies between 0.4 and 0.6. According to the data given in Table 11, income distribution in Tunisia is not as unequal as in the Ivory Coast.

Source: UNDP (1992 and 1993); World Bank (1992).

Table 12:
Foreign direct investment in sub-Saharan Africa. Countries are ranked in order of their significance; average investments 1991–1993 are given in million US $

Country	million US $	Country	million US $	Country	million US $
Nigeria	780	Swaziland	58	Seychelles	22
Angola	386	Gabon	56	Ghana	20
Zambia	97	Botswana	40	Guinea	20
Namibia	76	Equatorial Guinea	28	Madagascar	18
The Ivory Coast	63	Mozambique	26	Sierra Leone	16
				Mauritius	14

Source: UNCTAD 1995.

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Table 13:
Africa’s imports from industrial nations 1955–1991 (proportions in %)

Year	Japan	European Community	Western Europe*	USA
1955	4	N/A	87	8
1965	11	56	76	13
1975	15	68	74	11
1980	10	69	80	10
1985	8	67	79	13
1991	7	68	80	9

_* European Community plus EFTA.

Source: UNCTAD, Monthly Bulletin, various editions.

Table 14:
Africa’s exports (in billion US $) according to regions 1980–1993

	1980	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
World	94.9	51.8	56.3	66.5	70.0	70.1	69.4
– EC	43.9	29.8	31.8	39.2	40.2	40.8	40.7
– USA	29.7	7.6	9.4	12.3	12.9	12.7	12.5
– Japan	2.0	1.4	1,6	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.8
3rd Welt	13.0	8.5	8.7	8.8	10.1	10.6	10.4

Source: UNCTAD, Monthly Bulletin, various editions.

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Diagram 1:
Flow of foreign direct investment to Africa(including North Africa), in billion US $

Source: according to UNCTAD 1995.

Diagram 2:
Flow of private capital to ACP states, in million ECU

Source: Huybrechts 1995: 40.

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Diagram 3:
Africa’s export structure 1980–1991

Source: UNCTAD, Monthly Bulletin, various editions.