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Teildokument zu: Can the young democracies of East-Central Europe cope with the double impact of transformation and integration?


  1. This article is based on an evaluation of the conclusions of a conference on "Political and Social Change in Central Europe" held by the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Prague on 8 to 10 May 1996.
  2. See Wolfgang Merkel, "Systemwechsel: Probleme der demokratischen Konsolidierung in Ostmitteleuropa," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte. Beilage zur Wochenzeitung Das Parlament, B18-19/94, 6 May 1994.
  3. See Attila Agh, "Transition to Democracy in East-Central Europe: a Comparative View," in György Szoboszlai (ed.), Democracy and Political Transformation. Theories and East-Central European Realities, (Budapest: 1991), p. 117 f; see also Juan Linz, "The Perils of Presidentialism," Journal of Democracy, (1990), pp. 51-69.
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  4. See Transition Report 1995 by the ERBD or Werner Weidenfeld (ed.), Mittel- und Osteuropa auf dem Weg in die Europäische Union. Bericht zum Stand der Integrationsfähigkeit, (Gütersloh:1995).
  5. In the Czech Republic many of the following differentiation processes are much less apparent. But the Czech policy, with low productivity increases and other shock-absorbing strategies, has not so much avoided as delayed the transformation costs.
  6. See World Development Report 1996.
  7. See World Bank, Hungary. Poverty and Social Transfers in Hungary, (1995), p.4.
  8. This was the characterization used by Janos Kornai, see Neue Züricher Zeitung, 20 June 1996.
  9. See György Markus, "Party System Cleavage Translation in Hungary," unpublished manuscript, (Budapest: 1996).
  10. See Herbert Kitschelt, "The Formation of Party Cleavages in Postcommunist Democracies," Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 447-472.
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  11. See Wojtek Lamentowicz, "Politische Instabilität in Ost- und Mitteleuropa: Innenpolitische Gefährdungen der europäischen Sicherheit und Integration," in Werner Weidenfeld (ed.), Demokratie und Marktwirtschaft in Osteuropa, (Gütersloh: 1993), pp. 55 ff.
  12. See Janos Simon, "The Citizen's Concept of Democracy in Post-Communist Europe," Paper presented to the conference of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation on "Political and Social Change in Central Europe," in Prague, 8-10 May 1996.
  13. Such as the EU Eurobarometer and the New Democracies Barometer of the Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow
  14. See Bernhard Wessels and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, "Democratic Transformation and the Prerequisites of Democratic Opposition in East and Central Europe," WZB FS III 94-201, Berlin 1994.
  15. See Richard Rose, "Mobilizing Demobilized Voters in Post-Communist Societies," Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1995).
  16. Ibid.
  17. See also Wolfgang Merkel, "Systemwechsel: Probleme der demokratischen Konsolidierung in Ostmitteleuropa," Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte. Beilage zur Wochenzeitung Das Parlament, B18-19/94, 6 May 1994, and Klaus Ziemer "Ausgangsbedingungen für den politischen und wirtschaftlichen Transformationsprozeß in Südost- und Ostmitteleuropa. Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede", Ms. forthcoming in Südost-Europa 1996
  18. See "The Democratic Gap," Business Central Europe, (July/August 1996), pp. 9ff.
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  19. As such, the Hungarian Socialists gained their greatest support from semi-skilled workers and top managers, where more than 50 percent voted MSZP. (see Stumpf, Istvan, op cit).
  20. See Richard Rose and Christian Haerpfer, "New Democracies Barometer III. Learning from What is Happening," Studies in Public Policy 230, (Glasgow: 1994).
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  21. See Wolfgan Wessels, "How to Mix Transformation and Integration: Strategies, Options and Scenarios," in Barbara Lippert and Heinrich Schneider (eds.), Monitoring Association and Beyond. The European Union and the Visegrad States," (Bonn: 1995), pp. 383 ff.
  22. See Francoise Lemoine, "La dynamique des exportations de PECO vers l'Union Europeenne," Economie Internationale, La revue du CEPII, No. 62, (1995), pp. 166ff.
  23. Eurobarometer 1992.
  24. See Richard Rose and Christian Haerpfer, "New Democracies Barometer III. Learning from What is Happening," Studies in Public Policy 230, (Glasgow: 1994).
  25. See Jiri Musil, "Europe Between Integration and Disintegration," Czech Sociological Review, Vol. II, No.1, (1994), pp. 5ff.
  26. See Michael Zürn, "Über den Staat und die Demokratie im europäischen Mehrebenensystem," Politische Vierteljahreschrift, No. 2, (1996).
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© Friedrich Ebert Stiftung | technical support | net edition fes-library | März 1998

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